Proceedings of the 33rd Meeting
Working Group on Prolamin Analysis
and Toxicity (PWG)
Edited by Peter Koehler
Esslingen, December 2019
Preface
At the 2018 meeting of the Working Group on Prolamin Analysis and Toxicity (PWG)
in Ayr, Scotland, the location of the preceding meeting was still unknown. When I
mentioned this in the executive meeting, Carlo Catassi spontaneously volunteered to
be the host for the next meeting in 2019. Carlo suggested Urbino as the location, and
this was a very good choice. I think that all participants agree that this city was a
unique site to extend the knowledge on celiac disease on one side and to learn about
the Renaissance in Italy on the other. The meeting was held at Palazzo Battiferri, a
historic building belonging to the University of Urbino. Carlo and the girls from the
event management company Congredior were present during the entire meeting. Carlo
was also available after the official programme and organised a joint dinner with the
participants that stayed for another day after the meeting. Apart from the group
members the audience comprised an invited speaker, guests from academia, industry,
and international coeliac societies. Representatives from cereal starch producers,
producers of gluten-free foods, as well as manufacturers of kits for gluten analysis
participated from industry. The participants had very intense one-and-a-half days of
presentations, discussions and networking.
Analytical and clinical work in the field of CD, non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity
(NCGS/NCWS), wheat allergy, gluten and amylase-trypsin inhibitors done by PWG
members as well as by guests and the invited speaker were presented in 14 talks and
lively discussed at the meeting. In addition, one presentation was focussed on
regulatory aspects of gluten analysis and labelling. In particular, this feature of gluten
and coeliac disease provoked an intense discussion. This time, the analytical part was
not as pronounced as in previous meetings and should be extended again in the future.
The symposium “Six years of research on ATI – Results and consequences” with three
presentations of internationally recognised experts highlighted the latest advances in
the field of constituents that got into the focus of research during the last years.
I would like to express my thanks to all participants of the meeting for their active
contributions and the open discussions that resulted thereof. I am in particular grateful
to Carlo Catassi and the girls from Congredior for their enthusiasm and hospitality,
which made this meeting a great success. Finally, I express my gratitude to all friends,
colleagues, sponsors and participants for their inspiration and ongoing support of the
PWG and the meeting.
Esslingen, December 2019, Peter Koehler
Executive Summary
Fifteen presentations covered all aspects related to gluten, amylase-trypsin inhibitors
(ATI), coeliac disease (CD) and other relevant hypersensitivities, as well as legal
issues. All authors have sent abstracts that are compiled in this proceedings book. The
PWG-members decided during the executive meeting that the format of the
proceedings will be changed. They will no longer be published as a printed book but
will be available in electronic form available for download from the PWG website.
The contributions are included mostly as one-page abstracts of the presentations.
Analytical session
With only three presentations, the analytical part was not as important as in previous
meetings. Therefore, this part of the meeting should be strengthened again in future
meetings. One presentation reported an international collaborative study on gluten
detection using a new ELISA test kit that uses a combination of monoclonal antibodies
that show reactivity with both the prolamin and the glutelin fractions of gluten. Also,
monoclonal antibodies can be used to monitor excreted gluten peptides to study the
compliance to the gluten-free diet. Finally, the CRISPR/Cas technology and other
approaches to eliminate coeliac disease epitopes from gluten were described.
Clinical session
This session included eight presentations, with widespread topics that included a
review-type presentation on coeliac disease pathogenesis, a report on persisting
gastrointestinal symptoms in treated coeliac patients, talks on problems and
consequences of the gluten-free diet, presentations on the pathomechanism from a
genetic and protein (peptide) point of view, the use of recombinant ATI to produce
antibodies towards ATI and aspects of wheat allergy.
Symposium: Six years of research on ATI - Results and consequences
The symposium included three presentations of recognised experts in this field of
research. The first talk described the “discovery” of ATI and their relevance in innate
immunity as well as an adjuvant for chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore,
research was reported that showed the ability of the wheat ATI CM3 to directly target
human toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Modelling of the interface opened the possibility to
synthesise an oligopeptide that specifically binds to the receptor and could inhibit its
interaction with ATI. Finally, one talk was focussed on the quantitation of the 13 most
relevant ATI types in a selection of wheat cultivars that were approved between 1890
and 2010. There was no clear change in the ATI contents over time. From these results
it can be suggested that breeding did not contribute to an increase of putatively
immunoreactive ATI during the last decades.
Analytical research reports
International collaborative study on gluten detection
using the Total Gluten ELISA test kit
Markus Lacorn1, Thomas Weiss1, Paul Wehling2, Mark Arlinghaus2, Katharina A. Scherf3,4
1 R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany
2 Medallion Labs, Minneapolis, MN, USA
3 Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich,
Freising, Germany
4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences,
Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Karlsruhe, Germany
Abstract
According to Codex Alimentarius Standard 118-19179, gluten-free products intended
for consumption by celiac disease patients must not exceed gluten contents of 20
mg/kg. The most commonly used tests to analyse gluten contents in foods are enzymelinked
immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ELISAs based on the R5 monoclonal
antibody (mAb) are used most frequently, because this method is endorsed by Codex
Alimentarius. However, the R5 method has some limitations. First, gluten from rye
and barley is overestimated when using a wheat-based calibration, because the main
R5 epitope QQPFP is more abundant in gluten proteins from rye and barley compared
to gluten proteins from wheat. Second, the R5 mAb shows little affinity to glutelins, so
that the prolamin content detected is converted to gluten using a factor of two (Codex
Alimentarius), which leads to overestimation of gluten in many cases, but can also
lead to underestimation.
To address these limitations, a new sandwich ELISA (RIDASCREEN® Total Gluten)
was developed that includes the R5 mAb, but also three additional antibodies to detect
prolamins from wheat, rye and barley, high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin
subunits (GS) from wheat, HMW-secalins from rye and low-molecular-weight
(LMW)-GS from wheat. The samples are extracted with Cocktail solution/ethanol
20:80 (v/v) and the samples are analysed within 50 minutes. A gluten extract from four
common wheat cultivars serves as material for calibration.
To assess the performance of the new test, an international collaborative study with 19
laboratories and 42 blind duplicate samples was carried out in addition to the in-house
single laboratory validation. The results of the study confirmed that the test kit fulfilled
all standard method performance requirements (AOAC SMPR® 2017.021). The limits
of detection and quantitation were equal/below 5 mg/kg of gluten and the recoveries
ranged from 99 to 137 % for wheat, rye and barley. The relative standard deviation of reproducibility (RSD(R)) was 20% or lower for incurred homogeneous samples. In
case of oat and oats products, the RSR(R) values were mostly 30% or lower, except
for oat flours (up to 54%) that seemed to be more inhomogeneous than the other
samples. The inhomogeneous distribution of wheat, rye and barley gluten in oat and
oats products is well-known and inherent to these. After statistical evaluation and
assessment of all collaborative study and in-house validation data by the AOAC
International Expert Review Panel on Gluten Assays, the new Total Gluten ELISA
was granted AOAC OMA First Action status in December 2018.
Monitoring excreted gluten peptides for the
management of coeliac disease
Angel Cebolla
Biomedal S.L., Seville, Spain
Abstract
Gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) have shown to be resistant to gastrointestinal
digestion, translocated through the intestinal epithelia, deamidated by brush border
transglutaminase and excreted in faeces and urine. The extent of each process is
unknown. Immunotechniques based on antibodies reactive to the most immunogenic
peptides have allowed determining the excreted GIP after a few hours of gluten intake
in urine and after at least one day in stools. The amount of ingested GIP that can be
detected was estimated to be less than 0.5% in stool and less than 0.1% in urine, which
may suggest that only a minimal part of gluten is not fully metabolized by the human
organism. Despite these limitations, determination of excreted GIP has allowed new
applications in the management of CD: a) confirming gluten ingestion during
diagnosis, b) monitoring gluten-free diet, c) controlling patient’s diet in studies for
alternative therapies, (d) verifying the absence of gluten intake in non-responsive CD
and in difficult to control environments. A prospective observational study was
conducted including 23 de novo CD patients and 80 CD patients on GFD. Four
patients out of the 23 (about 20%) had low or no GIP in urine at diagnosis. In those
patients in follow up, urine samples on three days of the week were collected and GIP
were analysed. Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, dietary questionnaire, clinical
manifestations and histology were analysed simultaneously. About 25% of CD
patients on GFD showed Marsh II-III mucosal atrophy. Among this population with
histological damage, 95% had detectable urine GIP in at least one sample, however,
between 60-80% of them were asymptomatic, showed negative serology and a good
GFD adherence according to dietary questionnaire. In contrast, 97% of CD patients
with no detectable urine GIP in any sample showed no villous duodenal atrophy.
These results demonstrated a high sensitivity (95%) and high negative predictive value
(97%) of GIP measurement with respect to the recovery of the intestinal mucosa. The
detection of GIP in urine in patients on GFD allowed detecting transgressions that
correlated with the presence of histological lesions. The recurrent absence of GIP in
three urine samples appeared to be highly reliable to predict correct GFD compliance
and the absence of villous atrophy, decreasing the need for invasive techniques.
Eliminating coeliac disease epitopes from gluten
Marinus J.M. Smulders, Aurelie Jouanin, Luud J.W.J Gilissen, Twan A.H.P. America
Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract
Coeliac-safe bread wheat with baking quality cannot be simply produced by
combining natural or randomly induced mutations, due to the large number of genes in
the gliadin and glutenin gene families to be modified or removed, and because of their
occurrence in large blocks or tandem repeats on the three wheat genomes of bread
wheat. However, recently developed biotechnological approaches may be combined
with classical breeding approaches to change this situation.
Inhibiting the production of gluten proteins in the developing wheat grain by RNA
interference (RNAi) with gene-specific mRNAs has been shown to be effective for
reducing one or several gliadin families at once, although the level of other gliadins or
glutenins may be upregulated, as compensation. As the silencing DNA construct must
remain present in the progeny plant lines, these plants are considered GM.
Another approach is gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9, enabling specific targeted
mutagenesis at the level of an entire gene family or individual genes. For example,
gene editing of alpha-gliadins led to up to 85% total gliadin reduction as measured by
the R5 method for total gluten detection (Sánchez-León et al., 2018; https://doi.org/
10.1111/pbi.12837). Simultaneous editing of alpha- and gamma-gliadin genes
(Jouanin et al., 2019a; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1889-5) affected up to 30%
of the targeted genes. Editing of epitopes in gliadins to make them coeliac-safe,
necessitates the development of novel screening methods for the remaining gluten
genes or epitopes, e.g. through droplet digital PCR or targeted DNA capture and
sequencing (the GlutEnSeq system) (Jouanin et al., 2019b; https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jcs.2019.04.008).
Because the CRISPR/Cas9 construct, after its targeted mutagenic activity in the
primary transformed plant, is removed through segregation in the next generations, the
products of this technology are considered non-GMO in many countries world-wide,
but in the EU (where, regarding genetic modification, not the product but the process
counts) the products of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing are thus far considered GM. If this
is not changed, the foreseen consequence for the EU will be that hypoimmunogenic
(coeliac-safe[r]) wheat will not be produced soon here using
5. Clinical research reports
Coeliac disease pathogenesis: The uncertainties of a
well-known immune mediated disorder
Margaret R. Dunne1, Greg Byrne2, Fernando G. Chirdo3, Conleth Feighery4
1 Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College
Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
2 School of Biological & Health Sciences, TU Dublin City Campus, Dublin, Ireland
3 Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP) Univers
Abstract
Features of CD suggest that it can be considered an autoimmune disease with gluten as
an environmental trigger causing activation of a highly specific adaptive immune
response. Activated lamina propria T cells influence the behaviour of other cell
populations through the release of cytokines, including IFNg, IL-2 and IL-21. An
increase in intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) is a classic finding in CD and some
with a NK-like phenotype are thought to contribute to enterocyte destruction. The
function of other IEL populations is less certain and they may play a local immune
regulatory role. There is also evidence that cells of the innate immune system,
including eosinophils, mast cells and neutrophils, contribute to disease pathogenesis. A
further cell population, myofibroblasts, may play a role and these cells are an
important source of TG2 and metalloproteinases. Controversy surrounds the issue of
whether non-immune gliadin peptides contribute to the disease process. Some studies
report that one such peptide, p31-43, can cause direct damage to enterocytes and also
stimulate enterocyte proliferation. The failure to identify a receptor for this peptide has
been used to reject its involvement in the disease process. If alternate gluten peptides
cause innate cell activation, this will be important in designing future gluten avoidance
strategies.
General health and persisting gastrointestinal
symptoms in treated coeliac patients
Frida van Megen1,3, Gry Skodje1,3, Marianne Stendahl5, Marit B. Veierød2, Knut E.
Lundin3, 4, Christine Henriksen5
1 Department of Clinical services, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
2 Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
3 K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
4 Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
5 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo,
Oslo, Norway
Abstract
Objectives: Strict adherence to a gluten free diet usually leads to clinical and histological
remission in coeliac disease (CD). However, few studies have investigated the prevalence
of persistent symptoms in a general CD population. Our main aim was to describe general
health and specific symptoms in treated CD patients. Secondary, we described the
prevalence of persisting GI symptoms, and factors associated with GI symptoms.
Methods: In a web-based national survey in adults with CD, respondents filled in the
questionnaires Coeliac Symptom Index (CSI), Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale-
IBS version (GSRS-IBS), Coeliac Disease Adherence Test (CDAT) and additional
background questions. Chi-square test, t-test, analysis of variance, linear regression
and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Of 4028 participants (mean age 47 years; 82% women), 19% had CSI score ≥45, indicating reduced quality of life. Furthermore, 54% reported GI symptoms the
previous week, of which 9.5% had mean score ≥4, indicating moderate to severe
discomfort. Participants scored highest on the GSRS-IBS domains “bloating
syndrome” (23.5% scored ≥4) and “pain syndrome” (20.0% scored ≥4). Adequate
adherence shown by CDAT score ≤12 was reported by 43%. i.e. adequate adherence.
Self-reported adherence was very good in 88%. Moderate correlation was found
between CSI and GSRS-IBS (r=0.66, p<0.001), CSI and CDAT (r=0.61, p<0.001) and
CDAT and GSRS-IBS (r=0.35, p<0.001).
Conclusion: In this national cross-sectional study, we found a high symptom burden,
indicative of reduced quality of life. Persistent GI symptoms was frequent; pain and
bloating were the most prominent GI complains. Although GI symptoms was
correlated with poorer dietary adherence, more research is needed to find the cause of
persisting GI symptoms, and potential treatment methods.
Conflict of interests: None.
Nutritional status and dietary intake of children with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: a case-control, prospective study
Elena Lionetti, Niki Antonucci, Michele Marinelli, Beatrice Bartolomei, Elisa
Franceschini, Simona Gatti, Giulia Naspi Catassi, Anil K. Verma, Chiara Monachesi,
Carlo Catassi
Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Abstract
Introduction: Nutritional adequacy of the gluten-free diet (GFD) is a controversial
issue.
Aims: To evaluate the nutritional status, the dietary intakes and the adherence to the
national recommendations of intakes and to the Mediterranean diet of Italian CD
children on a GFD.
Design: This is a case-control prospective study. All children diagnosed with CD on a
GFD for ≥2 years were recruited. Controls were age and gender-matched healthy
children not affected with CD. In both groups anthropometric measurements and
energy expenditure information were collected. Dietary assessment was performed by
a 3-days food diary. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet was estimated by the
KIDMED index.
Results: The daily intake of lipids was significantly higher in the celiac group, while
the consumption of carbohydrates and fiber was lower in the CD group. The median
KIDMED index was similar in both groups, with a suboptimal adherence to the
Mediterranean diet in both groups.
Conclusions: The diet of celiac children is nutritionally unbalanced with higher intake
of fat, and lower intake of carbohydrates and fiber, highlighting the need of a dietary
counselling.
Expression analysis of HLA class II risk genes in
relation to the anti-gluten T cell immunity in celiac
disease patients
Giovanna Del Pozzo1, Laura Pisapia1, Stefania Picascia2, Mariavittoria Laezza1,
Federica Farina2, Serena Vitale2, Pasquale Barba1, Carmen Gianfrani2
1 Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
2 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Naples, Italy
Abstract
In celiac disease (CD), the great majority of patients carry the DQA1*05 and
DQB1*02 alleles of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC/HLA) class II
genes. The HLA DQA1*05/DQB1*02 alleles encode for the DQ2.5 heterodimer, a
surface molecule with a key role in the immune response to gluten. In fact, the
formation of complexes between DQ2.5 and gluten peptides on antigen-presenting
cells (APCs) is necessary to activate pathogenic CD4+ T lymphocytes.
Previous studies have indicated that subjects homozygous for DQA1*05 and
DQB1*02 alleles have the highest risk of developing CD, and the DQ2.5 gene dose
correlates with the intensity of CD4+ T cell response to gluten [1,2]. We demonstrated
that the expression of HLA DQA1*05 and DQB1*02 alleles is much higher than non-
CD-associated alleles when in heterozygosity, either in HLA DR1/DR3 and DR5/DR7
haplotypes [3-5]. This influences the levels of DQa105 and DQb102 proteins and
determines a comparable expression of DQ2.5 heterodimers between DQ2.5
homozygous and heterozygous APCs. According to these findings, the magnitude of
the anti-gluten CD4+ T cell response is more prominently dependent on the gluten
dose and less on the DQ2.5 gene configuration of APCs. Furthermore, our findings
support the concept that the expression level of DQ2.5 alleles is an important risk
factor in CD. The preferential expression of certain HLA alleles, and the prominent
antigen binding properties, provides a new functional explanation of why HLA genes
are so frequently associated with autoimmune disorders, such as CD. Further studies
are required to dissect the molecular mechanisms responsible of this differential
expression of CD-risk genes.
References
1. Margaritte-Jeannin P, Babron MC, Bourgey M, et al. HLA-DQ relative risks for
coeliac disease in European populations: a study of the European Genetics Cluster
on Coeliac Disease. Tissue antigens 2004; 63: 562-567.
2. Vader, W, Stepniak D, Kooy Y, et al. The HLA-DQ2 gene dose effect in celiac
disease is directly related to the magnitude and breadth of gluten-specific T cell
responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 12390-12395.
3. Pisapia L, Camarca A, Picascia S, et al. HLA-DQ2.5 genes associated with celiac
disease risk are preferentially expressed with respect to non-predisposing HLA
genes: Implication for anti-gluten T cell response. J Autoimmun 2016; 70: 63-72.
4. Gianfrani C, Pisapia L, Picascia S, et al. Expression level of risk genes of MHC
class II is a susceptibility factor for autoimmunity: New insights. J Autoimmun
2018; 89: 1-10.
5. Farina F, Picascia S, Pisapia L, et al. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles,
conferring susceptibility to celiac disease and type 1 diabetes, are more expressed
than non-predisposing alleles and are coordinately regulated. Cells 2019; 8: 751.
Self-assembly properties may be linked to the in vivo
effects of p31-43 gliadin peptide
Emanuel Miculán1*, María F. Gómez Castro1*, María G. Herrera2*, Carolina Ruera1,
Federico Perez1, Eduardo D. Prieto3, Exequiel Barrera4, Sergio Pantano4, Paula
Carasi1, Fernando G. Chirdo1
1 Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos. Universidad Nacional de La
Plata (IIFP)(UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
2 Instituto de Fisicoquímica y Químicas Biológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires
(UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
3 Laboratorio de Nanoscopía y Fisicoquímica de Superficies, Universidad Nacional
de La Plata (INIFTA)(UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
4 Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy elicited by a Th1 response to gluten
peptides in the small intestine of genetically susceptible individuals. However, it
remains unclear what drives the induction of inflammatory responses against harmless
antigens in food. By studying the biological properties of the p31-43 peptide (p31-43)
from α-gliadin, we observed the induction of mucosal damage and innate immune
response in the proximal small intestine upon intragastric p31-43 administration in
wild type mice. By in vivo studies, we demonstrated that mucosal damage triggered by
p31-43 requires the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC and caspase 1). As
consequence of inflammasome activation we observed production of IL-1β.
Administration of p31-43, but not scrambled or inverted peptides, to normal mice
induced histological changes in the proximal small intestine (reduction of Villus
height/Crypt depth ratio, and increase in IEL number). Since a cellular receptor for
p31-43 has not been identified, this raises the question of how this peptide could
mediate different biological effects. With the aim to characterise the conformation of
p31-43 different biophysical and in silico tools were used. Dynamic Light Scattering
(DLS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed p31-43 oligomers with
different height distribution. By Circular Dichroism, we observed that p31-43 selforganized
in a poly-proline II conformation in equilibrium with β-sheets-like
structures, which remained stable in the pH range of 3 to 8. In addition, these findings
were supported by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. The formation of p31-43
oligomers may help to explain the molecular etiopathogenesis in the induction of proinflammatory
effects and subsequent damage at the intestinal mucosa in CD.
Effects of the spatial organisation (number and
distance) of epitopes involved in allergy to hydrolysed
wheat proteins on (antibody aggregation and) basophil
activation
Olivier Tranquet, Véronique Solé-Jamault, Sandra Denery-Papini
UR 1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, INRA, Nantes, France
Abstract
Basophils and mastocytes are major effectors cells triggering the symptoms of gEmediated
allergy. Degranulation of basophils requires that allergens induce
aggregation of IgE/FcεRI complex on cell surface. Among other parameters, such as
the affinity of IgE, the spatial organisation (accessibility, number and proximity) of
IgE-epitopes on an allergen modulate degranulation. Gluten allergens are characterised
by repetition of closely related short sequences that have been shown to be involved in
different wheat allergies and particularly in anaphylactic reactions. We explored the
effects of the number and the distance between epitopes involved in allergy to
hydrolysed wheat proteins (HWP) on antibody aggregation and reactivity and
sensitivity of basophils.
Based on the sequence of the main allergens involved in HWP-allergy, peptides
containing 1 to 4 epitopes whom distance varied from 3 to 29 amino-acids (AA) were
synthetized. The size of the immune complexes formed by the interaction of these
peptides with a specific antibody (mAb-DG1) was determined by size exclusion
chromatography coupled to light scattering detector. The degranulation induced by the
peptides was then monitored with basophils sensitized with human sera or a chimeric
mouse/human IgE directed to HWP epitopes (chIgE-DG1).
We observed that the size of the immune complexes varied according to the distance
between two epitopes. A correlation between spacer length and both the reactivity and
the sensitivity of sensitized basophils was also highlighted. The number of epitopes
also affected the size of immune complexes and basophils degranulation.
In this work, we determined the minimal requirements in terms of number and spacing
of gliadins epitopes that affect basophils degranulation. Although the epitopes
organisation was diversified in our set of peptides, many spatial organisation of
epitopes were able to strongly activate basophils. Aggregation of immunoglobulin
receptors is a common mechanism for activating or inhibiting immune cells. We
observed here, that the very particular structures of repeated domains of gliadins offers
numerous possibility for the aggregation of specific immunoglobulins bound to their
receptors and thus for acting on the effector cells.
Production of antibodies against functional
recombinant wheat ATIs
Roberta Lupi1, Sandra Denery1, Olivier Tranquet1, Stefania Masci2, Colette Larré1
1 UR 1268 Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies, INRA, Nantes, France
2 Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia,
01100 Viterbo, Italy
Abstract
Amylase/Trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) account for 0.3% of the whole grain where they are
located in the endosperm. They belong to a multigenic family, they are constituted of
small polypeptides stabilized by disulfide bonds and arranged in monomers, dimers or
tretramers. Several wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are major allergens in
respiratory allergy (baker’s asthma), they can also trigger food allergy in children.
They are activators of the innate immunity. They have also been suggested to have a
pro-inflammatory role, and might therefore be involved in the onset of food allergy,
celiac disease or in the poorly characterized pathology Non Celiac Wheat Sensitivity.
Wheat ATIs are usually obtained in an enriched complex fraction called CM-like, they
have been characterized by LC MS/MS, and quantified by targeted mass spectrometry.
In view of the potential effects of ATIs on the immune system, reliable tools to detect
these proteins in raw materials as well as in food are needed. The purpose of this work
was to develop antibodies (IgG), polyclonal and monoclonal, directed against ATIs
and use them for detection.
CM-like fraction and purified recombinant ATIs (CM3 and 0.28) were checked for
their bioactivity in an ‘in vitro’ basophil model using sera from patients suffering from
wheat allergy. These ATIs were then used as antigens for immunization. Polyclonals
antibodies (pAbs) were obtained against CM-like fraction and monoclonal antibodies
(mAbs) against ATI CM3 and ATI 0.28. These antibodies, pAbs and mAbs, were
usable in Western blot (WB) and in ELISA.
Using the mAbs in ELISA, we pointed the presence of ATI CM3 in both T. aestivum
and T. durum species and its lack in T. monococcum. The ATI 0.28 was also present in
T. aestivum and lacking in T monococcum. but variable across T. durum cultivars.
These different contents in ATIs were confirmed with polyclonal antibodies.
The two types of antibodies produced here are usable in WB and ELISA, their
specificity has made it possible to highlight differences in content between wheat
species but also between cultivars.
Gluten contamination in the daily diet of treated celiac
disease patients
Anil K. Verma1, Elena Lionetti2, Chiara Monachesi1, Susanna Latini1, Valentina
Perticaroli2, Elisa Franceschini2, Tiziana Galeazzi1, Simona Gatti2, Carlo Catassi2,3
1 Celiac Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
2 Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
3 Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Center for Celiac
Research, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, U.S.A.
Abstract
A life-long strict gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only accepted treatment for coeliac
disease (CD) to date. Adherence to a strict GFD is difficult to achieve for CD patients.
Recent studies have reported that there is contamination with gluten traces during a
GFD. However, so far, very little is known about the exact quantity of gluten accidentally
consumed by CD patients. In an ongoing study, we are determining analytically the
amount of gluten accidentally consumed during 24-h period in children with CD. From
October 2018 to October 2019, pediatric CD patients following a GFD for at least two
years were recruited for this study after matching inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each
patient was requested to maintain a 24-h food diary and document key information of
the consumed food and take its weight using kitchen balance. They have also been
requested to provide us a portion of food sample in a cold-chain, as soon as we collected
the food samples in our laboratory, we stored them at -20 oC until we performed the
analysis. We excluded naturally gluten-free food samples from the analysis e.g. water,
milk, fresh fruits, and raw vegetables. All food samples were analyzed for their gluten
content by Ridascreen Gliadin sandwich R5 ELISA (R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany),
and, until May 2019, also by GlutenTox Sandwich G12/A1 ELISA (Biomedal
diagnostics, Spain). Manufacturer’s guidelines were strictly followed during the ELISA
performance. Food samples with <20 mg/kg (ppm) of gluten were considered glutenfree.
This study was divided into two major steps; in the first step (October 2018 to May
2019), we compared the performance of Ridascreen R5 and Biomedal G12 ELISA
methods and in the second step (Ongoing) we are quantifying the exact amount of gluten
consumed accidentally by CD patients in mg/day. Until May 2019, total 285 food
samples were compared by both ELISA methods (R5 and G12). None of the food
samples detected with gluten level more than acceptable level of gluten (<20 ppm)
except one sample that was quantified with low amount of gluten (i.e. ≤100 ppm of
gluten) by both the ELISA methods. Initial outcome shows, there is no major difference
in the performance of both ELISA methods. As this study is in ongoing phase, we do
not have the final results however, preliminary results of the study suggest that daily
unintended exposure to gluten in our Italian cohort of children on a GFD is very low.
Symposium: Six years of research on ATI –
Results and consequences
Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors: Drivers of disease
Detlef Schuppan1,2
1 Institute of Translational Immunology, Center for Celiac and Small Intestinal
Diseases, Food Allergy and Autoimmunity, University Medical Center, Mainz,
Germany
2 Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, USA
Abstract
We identified a common family of wheat proteins, amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs),
as activators of innate immunity in wheat and gluten preparations. ATIs stimulate toll
like receptor 4 (TLR4) on monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Moreover, ATI
cause intestinal barrier dysfunction and directly induce dysbiosis They represent 2-4%
of the wheat protein and are largely resistant to baking and intestinal proteolysis. We
showed that ATI consumption in a normal wheat based diet induces low level
intestinal inflammation in vivo. In animal studies dietary ATIs promote chronic
inflammatory diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome, including fatty liver and
cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus, rheumatoid
arthritis and multiple sclerosis, allergies in general, fibrotic diseases of liver, lungs and
skin, and even the growth of cancers.
Innate immune cell activation is higher in the mesenteric lymph nodes than in the gut
lamina propria, suggesting a rapid propagation of the inflammatory signal to the
periphery, likely by emigration of intestinal migratory dendritic cells from the intestine
shortly after their contact with ATI. ATIs are present in many plants and play a
protective role by inhibition of alpha-amylases from insects and mites. ATIs of gluten
containing grains (wheat, barley and rye) have potent inflammatory activity, while
structurally less related ATI of oats, maize, rice and legumes have no or low activity.
ATIs associate starch and storage proteins in the endosperm and are involved in grain
maturation. ATIs are a family of 17 structurally related proteins of 120-150 amino
acids. ATI are present as non-covalently linked hetero-tetramers (CM proteins), dimers
(0.19, 0.28 and 0.53), and as monomers, such 0.29). Each ATI harbour 10 cysteine
residues that form five intramolecular disulfide bonds. This compact, highly disulfidelinked
secondary structure of ATI is needed for their biological activity, namely the
activation of TLR4. 2 peptide sequences have been identified that inhibit the
interaction of CM3 with TLR4 at high concentrations. CM3 and 0.19 are the most
prevalent ATI species, show to have comparable bioactivity when expressed
recombinantly in eukaryotic cells. The quantity of ATIs in flours, as determined by mass spectrometry, does not correlate well with their bioactivity that depends on
oligomerization and complex matrix effects. Current efforts are targeted at the
selection and production of wheats that have a low ATI content for improved health,
while their gluten content remains unaffected to secure good baking and textural
properties. This is highly relevant, since even in modern wheat ATI bioactivity can
vary 6-fold, and since their effect on immune activation is dose dependent, with the
clinical recommendation to reduce the consumption of gluten - and thus wheatcontaining foods by at least 90%. Several clinical studies in patients with autoimmune
and metabolic diseases randomized to an ATI-free vs ATI-containing diet are ongoing.
References
1. Ashfaq-Khan M, Aslam M, Qureshi MA et al. Dietary wheat amylase trypsin
inhibitors promote features of murine non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep
2019; 9:e17463.
2. Bellinghausen I, Weigmann B, Zevallos V et al. Wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors
exacerbate intestinal and airway allergic immune responses in humanized mice. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143: 201-212.e4.
3. Caminero A, McCarville JL, Zevallos VF et al. Lactobacilli degrade wheat
amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI) and ameliorate gut dysfunction induced by
immunogenic wheat proteins. Gastroenterology;156: 2266-2280.
4. Cuccioloni M, Mozzicafreddo M, Bonfili L et al. Interfering with the high-affinity
interaction between wheat amylase trypsin inhibitor CM3 and toll-like receptor 4:
in silico and biosensor-based studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 13169.
5. Fasano A, Sapone A, Zevallos V, Schuppan D. Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity.
Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1195-1204.
6. Junker Y, Zeissig S, Kim SJ et al. 2012. Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive
intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 209: 2395-
2408.
7. Geisslitz S, Ludwig C, Scherf KA, Koehler P. Targeted LC-MS/MS reveals similar
contents of α-amylase/trypsin-inhibitors as putative triggers of nonceliac gluten
sensitivity in all wheat species except einkorn. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:
12395-12403.
7. Pickert G, Wirtz S, Heck R et al. Wheat consumption aggravates experimental
colitis by amylase trypsin inhibitor (ATI)-mediated dysbiosis. Gastroenterology
2019, in press.
8. Schuppan D, Zevallos V. Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors as nutritional activators
of innate immunity. Dig Dis 2015; 33: 260-263.
9. Schuppan D, Gisbert-Schuppan K. Wheat syndromes: When wheat gluten and ATI
cause disease. Schuppan D, Gisbert-Schuppan K, eds. Springer Nature, London,
UK; 2019; 145 pages.
10. Zevallos VF, Raker V, Tenzer S et al. Nutritional wheat amylase/trypsin inhibitors
promote intestinal inflammation by myeloid cell activation. Gastroenterology
2017; 152: 1100-1113.
11. Zevallos VF, Raker VK, Maxeiner J et al. Dietary wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors
exacerbate murine allergic airway inflammation. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58: 1507-1514.
12. Ziegler K, Neumann J, Liu F et al. Nitration of wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors
increases their innate and adaptive
Functional characterization of amylase trypsin
inhibitors from several Triticum species: The Good, the
Bad and the Ugly
Massimiliano Cuccioloni1, Luca Caiazzo1,2, Elena Lionetti2, Carlo Catassi2, Mauro
Angeletti1
1 School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Camerino,
Camerino, Italy
2 Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Abstract
ATI are a group of bifunctional hydrolase inhibitors from wheat. HPLC/MS analyses
showed non-easily predictable differences (variety- and environmental-dependent) in
terms both of total and individual ATI content.
Besides interfering with the normal absorption of nutrients due to their inhibitory
properties, ATI can elicit strong innate immune response by activating the TLR4– MD2–CD14 complex according to a lipopolysaccharide-like mechanism, with
implications both in gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders (i.e. celiac disease,
wheat/gluten sensitivity), and in non-intestinal inflammation. According to a combined
use of SPR biosensors and computational methods, we demonstrated the ability of
wheat ATI CM3 to directly target human TLR4, the resulting complex showing an
equilibrium dissociation constant in the nanomolar range and specific stoichiometry.
The complex was mainly stabilized by non-covalent electrostatic interactions, and
changes in ionic strength significantly altered its stability (specifically, both kinetic
and equilibrium dissociation constants increased with NaCl concentration).
Computational analysis predicted CM3-containing-ATI molecule to favourably
accommodate within the β-strand loop of TLR4, in a region other than MD2 binding
site and TLR4 self-dimerization interfaces. The mapping of this TLR4-ATI noncontiguous
binding interface guided the design of an antagonist hydrolase-resistant 11-
mer oligopeptide. When tested for binding to TLR4, the oligopeptide specifically
bound to the receptor and prevented the formation of the ATI-TLR4 complex. Based
on these promising results, we have reason to believe that this oligopeptide, although
demanding adequate customization to enhance its affinity for the target, could have
profound physiological and pharmacological implications for both celiac disease and
non-celiac wheat sensitivity by blocking the interaction between TLR4 and its
activators eventually preventing the inflammatory cascade.
ATI in wheat cultivars from 1890 to 2010
Sabrina Geisslitz1, Darina Pronin1, Katharina A. Scherf1,2
1 Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich,
Freising, Germany
2 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences,
Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Karlsruhe, Germany
Abstract
There are more and more reports on an increasing prevalence of wheat
hypersensitivities in the population since the last decades, but the underlying causes
remain unclear. In addition to increased awareness and improved diagnostics, there
may have been changes on the side of the human immune system, including changes
in dietary habits, gut permeability and gut microbiota and low frequencies of
infections. On the side of wheat and wheat products, factors such as agricultural
practices during wheat cultivation, modern wheat processing techniques and wheat
breeding might play a role. Higher yields and increased resistance towards abiotic and
biotic stress factors are major breeding goals. These may have contributed to
inadvertent changes in wheat protein composition that might cause higher
immunoreactivity in sensitive individuals.
To explore this hypothesis, the five most commonly used wheat cultivars per decade
from 1890 to 2010 in Germany were selected and grown in Gatersleben in the years
2015, 2016 and 2017. After milling, the protein composition of the flours was analysed
by modified Osborne fractionation and reversed-phase high-performance liquid
chromatography. The content of amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (ATIs) was determined by
liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Total protein contents were dependent on the harvest year with an overall median of
98 mg/g in 2015, 80 mg/g in 2016 and 76 mg/g in 2017. When comparing the five
cultivars per decade, there was a slight, but non-significant trend towards decreasing
protein contents from 1890 to 2010. The source of variation was a lot higher for the
harvest year compared to the decade. Considering the protein composition, the
contents of albumins/globulins and of gluten did not show significant changes over the
time period investigated, whereas the contents of gliadins decreased and those of
glutenins increased. The ATIs are primarily found in the albumin/globulin fraction and
are subdivided into several types, such as α-amylase inhibitors 0.19, 0.28 and 0.53, α-
amylase/trypsin inhibitors CM1, CM2, CM3, CM16 and CM17, trypsin/α-amylase
inhibitors CMX1, CMX2 and CMX3, α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor, chymotrypsin
inhibitor and trypsin inhibitor in wheat. Targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of those 13 ATI
types based on 21 specific marker peptides revealed that CM3 and 0.19 were the major
ATI types making up 20% and 18% of the total ATI content, respectively. The ATIs
CM17, CM16, 0.28 and CM2 amounted to 10-12% of total ATIs, whereas all other types were below 5% each. As observed for the total protein contents, the ATI
contents also depended on the harvest year, but there was not clear change in contents
from 1890 to 2010. Further work will explore the possible correlation between ATI
contents and bioactivity determined on monocytes/macrophages expressing toll-like
receptor 4.
Statements on current developments
concerning gluten analysis, clinical and legal
aspects
News from Codex and Regulatory Affairs
Hertha Deutsch
AOECS Codex Delegate, Austrian Coeliac Society, Vienna
Abstract
AOECS, the Association Of European Coeliac Societies, has Observer status in the
Codex Alimentarius Commission since 1992. In the past months, some items
important for coeliacs regarding the gluten-free diet were discussed in the Codex
Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH) in November 2018, in the Codex Committee on
Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) in November 2018, in the
Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling (CCMAS) in May 2019 and
in the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) in July 2019. The reports of the
sessions are published on the Codex website www.fao.org. A short summary:
CCFH: all AOECS written comments for the Proposed Draft Code of Practice on
Food Allergen Management for Food Business Operators were accepted by CCFH and
the texts in this paper were changed accordingly.
CCNFSDU: Proposed Draft Guidelines for Ready to Use Therapeutic foods: AOECS
highlighted the need for further consideration whether gluten-containing cereals
should be permitted in such products because gluten intolerance in SAM (severe acute
malnutrition) infants and children may result in life threating situations.
CCMAS: AACCI suggested to delete „Gluten-free Foods“ in the Commodity of the
Codex Standard 234 and replace it with „Corn- and Rice-Based Gluten-Free Foods“ and „Oat-Based Gluten-Free Foods“. AOECS highlighted the importance not to
change the Commodity “gluten-free foods”: Additional to special gluten-free dietary
products, the claim “gluten-free” was also permitted for foods for normal consumption
in the Codex Standard 118-1979 (section 4.3) and in several national food legislations.
The gluten-free market was increasing rapidly in the world trade, therefore it is
essential for avoiding health problems of coeliacs and trade barriers to use the same
and most reliable method for gluten determination. CCMAS agreed to refer the
AACCI proposal to CCNFSDU for consideration and further agreed that the methods
for “gluten free” would not be considered in the continued review of the methods of
analysis in the cereals, pulses and legumes workable package.
CAC: The Proposed Draft Code of Practice on Food Allergen Management for Food
Business Operators was adopted at Step 5. The Revision of the General Standard for
the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods regarding allergen labelling and guidance on
precautionary allergen or advisory labelling was approved as a new work.
Perspectives and action plan of the PWG
Peter Koehler
Biotask AG, Esslingen, Germany
The Prolamin Working Group executive meeting and joint discussion held on 11
October 2019, led to the decisions and statements outlined below.
Action plan
I. Analytical
The PWG gliadin reference material is available from Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Getreideforschung e.V. (Association of Cereal Research), Mr. Tobias
Schumacher, Schuetzenberg 10, 32756 Detmold, Germany, E-mail: info@agfdetmold.
de. The PWG has set the price for one batch (100 mg) to 150 Euro.
· The MoniQA initiative has extensively characterised wheat cultivars from
around the globe. A flour of a blend of five wheat cultivars will shortly be
available as a reference material for purchase in 2020.
· The PWG considers flour not as a suitable reference material and supports
II. Clinical
The PWG keeps considering to become a working group under the umbrella of
the International Society For The Study Of Celiac Disease
III. Members, Policy
Stefania Masci, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, will be invited to the next
meeting and is a potential new member of the group.
· To improve the visibility of the group, an Open Access publication entitled
Recent progress and recommendations from the Working Group on Prolamin
Analysis and Toxicity on celiac disease will be completed shortly and published
in “Frontiers in Nutrition”.
· Publications on topics covered by the PWG will replace the classical
proceedings in the future. Proceedings will no longer be published as printed
books. They will be available free of charge in electronic form from the PWG
website (http://www.wgpat.com) and will contain 1-page abstracts of the
meeting presentations.
· New group members have to be identified because some members will retire in
the next years.
Next meeting: 2020
We are very pleased to announce the venue for our meeting in 2020:
Merano, Italy
Host:
Ms Jacqueline Pante
Dr. Schär AG / SPA
E-mail: Jacqueline.Pante@drschaer.com
Time: 15 - 17 October 2020
Focus of the meeting:
Triggers and drivers of coeliac disease
Analytical aspects of gluten and ATI
The meeting will be limited to 55 participants and attendance is by
invitation only. Invitations will be sent by April 2020. Registration
deadline will be June 15, 2020.
Very special thanks to the host of this kind invitation!
|
|
List of Participants
GROUP MEMBERS
Prof. Dr. Carlo Catassi
Università Politecnica delle Marche
Department of Pediatrics
Via Corridoni 11
60123 ANCONA, ITALY
Phone: +39 071 5962364
E-mail: c.catassi@staff.univpm.it
Prof. Dr. Fernando G. Chirdo
Universidad Nacional de La Plata
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
Instituto de Estudios Immunologicos y
Fisiopatologicos - IIFP
Calle 47 y 115
1900 LA PLATA, ARGENTINA
Phone: +54 221 423 5 333 (Int 45)
E-mail: fchirdo@biol.unlp.edu.ar
Prof. Dr. Paul J. Ciclitira
University of East Anglia
Medical School
Bob Champion Building
James Watson Road
BR4 7UJ NORWICH
UNITED KINGDOM
Phone: +44 203 751 1104
E-mail: pciclitira@btinternet.com
Prof. Dr. Conleth Feighery
University of Dublin, Department of
Immunology, St. James’s Hospital
James’s Street
DUBLIN 8, IRELAND
Phone: +353 879969041
E-mail: cfighery@tcd.ie
Dr. Carmen Gianfrani
Institute of Biochemistry and
Cell Biology - CNR
Via Pietro Castellino 111
80131 NAPLES, ITALY
Phone: +39 081 6132224
E-mail: c.gianfrani@ibp.cnr.it
Prof. Dr. Peter Koehler
Biotask AG
Schelztorstraße 54-56
73728 ESSLINGEN, GERMANY
Phone: +49 711 31059068
E-mail: peter.koehler@biotask.de
Prof. Dr. Frits Koning
Leiden University Medical Centre, E3-Q
Department of Immunohaematology
and Bloodbank
Albinusdreef 2
2333 ZA LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS
Phone: +31 715 266673
E-mail: fkoning@lumc.nl
Prof. Dr. Knut Lundin
University of Oslo
Institute of Clinical Medicine
Postboks 1171, Blindern
0881 OSLO, NORWAY
Phone: +47 90980325
E-mail: knut.lundin@medisin.uio.no
Prof. Dr. Katharina Scherf
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Institute of Applied Biosciences
Department of Bioactive and
Functional Food Chemistry
Adenauerring 20 a
76131 KARLSRUHE, GERMANY
Phone: +49 721 608 42929
E-mail: katharina.scherf@kit.edu
Prof. Dr. Dr. Detlef Schuppan
I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik
Universitätsmedizin der Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Institut für Translationale Medizin
Langenbeckstraße 1
55131 MAINZ, GERMANY
Phone: +49 6131 177355/177356/177104
E-mail:
detlef.schuppan@unimedizin-mainz.de
Dr. René Smulders
Wageningen University & Research,
Plant Research
Droevendaalsesteeg 1
6708 PB WAGENINGEN,
THE NETHETRLANDS
Phone: +31 620298266
E-mail: rene.smulders@wur.nl
Dr. Olivier Tranquet
INRA
Rue de la Géraudière BP 71627
44316 NANTES, FRANCE
Phone: +33 2406 75027
E-mail: olivier.tranquet@inra.fr
Prof. Dr. Riccardo Troncone
University Federico II
Department of Pediatrics
Via Pansini 5
80131 NAPLES, ITALY
Phone: +39 3483132274
E-mail: troncone@unina.it
HOSTS
Prof. Dr. Carlo Catassi
Università Politecnica delle Marche
Department of Pediatrics
Via Corridoni 11
60123 ANCONA, ITALY
Phone: +39 071 5962364
E-mail: c.catassi@staff.univpm.it
INVITED SPEAKERS
Dr. Massimiliano Cuccioloni
University of Camerino
School of Biosciences and
Via Gentile III da Varano
62032 CAMERINO, ITALY
Phone: +39 0737403247
E-Mail:
massimiliano.cuccioloni@unicam.it
GUESTS
Mrs. Tova Almlöf
Semper AB
Semper AB Box 1101
SE 17222 SUNDBYBERG, SWEDEN
Phone : +46 767232862
E-mail: tova.almlof@semper.se
Mrs. Sofia Beisel
Deutsche Zöliakiegesellschaft e.V.
Kupferstraße 36
70565 STUTTGART, GERMANY
Phone: +49 711 45998115
E-mail: sofia.beisel@dzg-online.de
Dr. Markus Brandt
Ernst Böcker GmbH & Co KG
Ringstrasse 55-57
32427 MINDEN, GERMANY
Phone: +49 571 837990
E-mail: markus.brandt@sauerteig.de
Mr. Martin Candia
Romer Labs Division Holding GmbH
Erber Campus 1
3131 GETZERSDORF, AUSTRIA
Phone: +43 2782 8030
E-mail: martin.candia@romerlabs.com
Dr. Angel Cebolla-Ramirez
Biomedal, SL
Avenida Américo Vespucio, 04.05
Geschoss 1, Modul 12,
41092 SEVILLA, SPAIN
Phone: +34 954 08 12 76
Fax: +34 954 08 12 79
E-mail: acebolla@biomedal.com
Mr. Silvano Ciani
Dr. Schär R&D Centre
c/o AREA Science Park
Padriciano, 99
34149 TRIESTE, ITALY
Phone: +39 040 3755580
Email: Silvano.Ciani@drschaer.com
Dr. Johan De Meester
Cargill R&D Centre Europe
Havenstraat 84
B-1800 VILVOORDE, BELGIUM
Phone: +32 473997653
E-mail: Johan_De_Meester@cargill.com
Mrs. Hertha Deutsch
Österreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Zöliakie
Anton Baumgartner Straße 44/C5/2302
1230 VIENNA, AUSTRIA
Phone: +43 166 71887
E-mail: hertha.deutsch@chello.at
Dr. Margareta Elding-Pontén
Fria Bröd AB
Fältspatsgatan 12
421 30 VÄSTRA FRÖLUNDA,
SWEDEN
Phone: +46 31 734 13 30
E-mail:
Margareta.Elding-Ponten@fria.se
Mr. Luke Emerson
Bia Diagnostics
480 Hercules Dr.
5446 COLCHESTER, VT, USA
Phone: +1 802 540 0148
E-mail: luke@biadiagnostics.com
Mrs. Maren Finke
Hermann Kröner GmbH
Lengericher Straße 158
49479 IBBENBÜREN, GERMANY
Phone: +49 5451 9447 12
E-mail: finke@kroener-staerke.de
Dr. Carlos Galera
Hygiena
P.I. Parque Plata
Calle Cañada Real 31-35
41900 CAMAS, SEVILLA, SPAIN
Phone: +34 954 08 12 76
E-mail: cgalera@hygiena.com
Dr. Thomas Grace
Bia Diagnostics/Elution Technologies
480 Hercules Dr.
5446 COLCHESTER, VT, USA
Phone: +1 802 540 0148
E-mail: thomasgrace@biadiagnostics.com
Mrs. Mia Hallgren
Swedish Food Agency
P.O. Box 622
SE-751 26 UPPSALA, SWEDEN
Phone: +46 1817 5500
E-mail: mia.hallgren@slv.se
Dr. Xin Huang
University of Helsinki
Department of Food and
Environmental Sciences
Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, PL66
14 HELSINKI, FINLAND
Phone: +358 451210203
E-mail: xin.huang@helsinki.fi
Dr. Götz Kröner
Hermann Kröner GmbH
Lengericher Str. 158
49479 IBBENBÜREN, GERMANY
Phone: +49 5451 9447 11
Fax: +49 5451 9447 811
E-mail: kroener@kroener-staerke.de
Dr. Idoia Larrechi
University of the Basque Country
UPV/EHU
Paseo de la Universidad, 7
1006 VITORIA-GASTEIZ, SPAIN
Phone: +34 945 013863
E-mail: idoia.larrechi@ehu.eus
Dr. Colette Larré
INRA
Rue de la Géraudière BP 71627
44316 NANTES, FRANCE
Phone: +33 240675000
E-mail: colette.larre@inra.fr
Mr. Patrick Alan Mach
3M Food Safety Department
3M Center, 260-6B-01
ST. PAUL, MN 55144-1000, USA
Phone: +1 651 737 0528
E-Mail: pamach1@mmm.com
Dr. Elisa Mora Checa
SMAP Celíacs Catalunya
Independencia, 257
08026 BARCELONA, SPAIN
Phone: +34 934 121789
E-mail: eroger@celiacscatalunya.org
Dr. Luisa Novellino
Associazione Italiana Celiachia
Via Caffaro, 10
16124 GENOVA, ITALY
Phone: +39 010 8449406
Email: l.novellino@celiachia.it
Mrs. Jacqueline Pante
Dr. Schär AG/SPA
Winkelau 9
30914 POSTAL, ITALY
Phone: +39 0473 293 351
E-mail:
Jacqueline.Pante@drschaer.com
Mrs. Ombretta Polenghi
Dr. Schär R&D Centre
c/o AREA Science Park
Padriciano, 99
34149 TRIESTE, ITALY
Phone: +39 040 3755381
E-mail: ombretta.polenghi@drschaer.com
Mr. Stefan Schmidt
R-Biopharm AG
An der neuen Bergstraße 17
64297 DARMSTADT, GERMANY
Phone: +49 151 29808524
E-mail: st.schmidt@r-biopharm.de
Dr. Karoline Schreiber
Böcker Sauerteig GmbH & Co. KG
Ringstraße 55-57
32427 MINDEN, GERMANY
Phone: +49 571 837990
E-mail: karoline.schreiber@sauerteig.de
Dr. April Schumacher
3M Food Safety Department
3M Center, 260-6B-01
ST. PAUL, MN 55144-1000, USA
Phone: +1 651 737 0528
E-Mail: ajschumacher@mmm.com
Dr. Juan Ignacio Serrano-Vela
Asociación de Celíacos y Sensibles Al
Gluten, Comunidad de Madrid
Calle Lanuza 19-bajo
28028 MADRID, SPAIN
Phone: +34 917 130147
E-mail:
nachoserrano@celiacosmadrid.org
Prof. Dr. Edurne Simón
University of the Basque Country
UPV/EHU
Paseo de la Universidad, 7
1006 VITORIA-GASTEIZ, SPAIN
Phone: +34 945 013069
E-mail: edurne.simon@ehu.eus
Dr. Heidi Urwin
Coeliac UK
3rd Floor, Apollo Centre, Desborough
Road
HP11 2QW HIGH WYCOMBE,
BUCKS, UNITED KINGDOM
Phone: +44 1494 796138
E-mail: Heidi.Urwin@coeliac.org.uk
Dr. Niklas Weber
R-Biopharm AG
An der neuen Bergstraße 17
64297 DARMSTADT, GERMANY
Phone: +49 6151 81027222
E-mail: n.weber@r-biopharm.de
Dr. Paul Wehling
General Mills, Inc.
9000 Plymouth Ave N
55427 GOLDEN VALLEY, USA
Phone: +1 763 7644360
E-mail: paul.wehling@genmills.com
Dr. Thomas Weiss
R-Biopharm AG
An der neuen Bergstraße 17
64297 DARMSTADT, GERMANY
Phone: +49 6151 8102186
E-mail: t.weiss@r-biopharm.de
Impressum
Proceedings of the 33rh Meeting
WORKING GROUP
on PROLAMIN ANALYSIS and TOXICITY
10 – 12 October 2019
Urbino, Italy
This work including all parts is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved and any
utilisation is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law.
Permissions for use must always be obtained from the publisher. This is in particular
valid for reproduction, translation, conversion to microfilm and for storage or
processing in electronic systems.
Scientific Organisation
Prof. Dr. Peter Koehler
biotask AG
Schelztorstraße 54-56, 73728 ESSLINGEN, GERMANY
Phone: +49 711 31059068; Fax: +49 711 31059070
E-mail: peter.koehler@biotask.de
Host
Prof. Dr. Carlo Catassi
Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Pediatrics
Via Corridoni 11, 60123 ANCONA, ITALY
Phone: +39 071 5962364; Fax: +39 071 36281
E-mail: c.catassi@staff.univpm.it
Cover picture* and picture of participants
Peter Koehler
* Cover picture: View of the city of Urbino, location of the 33rd PWG-meeting, 2019
© Peter Koehler 2019
ISBN: 978-3-00-062148-2
|